Bodegas Caballe free essay sample

First we would like to thank you very much for your assignment and your trust in us as newcomers in your company. We read both your commissioning letter to the Polish recruiting company and the reports of the pre-selected candidates with great interest. After an extensive analysis we agreed on some general criteria to base our decisions about the most suitable applicant for your company on. The criteria are as follows: Language, mobility, sales experience, salary, reliability, previous business experience and additional skills. Language: Since the company plans to establish itself on the polish market, decent polish language skills are of great importance. Being the sales representative for the whole central Europe, fluent French and English are preferable as well. Mobility: The origin for the market presence in central Europe is to be Poland, therefore the candidate of choice needs to be willing to move there. Sales experience: Due to the fact that Bodegas Caballe has had troubles with too well educated business professionals the focus should be based on previous work, rather than education. We will write a custom essay sample on Bodegas Caballe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, these being new and foreign markets, the sales representative need great knowledge and flexibility as it could only be gained by years of experience in the field, in order to adapt. Salary: This might be a minor, but not dispensable topic, since the management of Bodegas Caballe Has provided a range of 45. 000$ to 60. 000$, which should not be exceeded. Reliability: The applicant of choice will be responsible for the whole central European marked, and bears great responsibility. This makes a highly reliable person desirable. Previous business contacts: As discussed und sales experience Bodegas Caballe Tries to attain a new market. Having previous business contacts in the trade eases the start up significantly. Additional skills: Every applicant comes with some unique abilities and backgrounds. This criterion provides a basis to factor those into the decisions making process. Candidate number 1: Stanislaw Michalski Mr. Michalski is an experienced man at the age of 51. As an employee of the French Intersection hypermarket chain he has gained much experience in various departments and functions of retailing. This is an important advantage since we want to enter French and German hypermarket chains in Poland. Him currently being head buyer of wines and spirits, he already possesses a great knowledge of our segment. Mr. Michalski has been promoted without an academic background and seems to have followed the principle â€Å"learning by doing†. He has worked his way through different challenges and has taken adult education classes in languages and marketing. We are sure that his lack of professional education is rather a positive than a negative aspect since our company finds it difficult to fit in candidates with professional management backgrounds. Mr. Michalski also fulfils the criteria of loyality and family values. He has worked his whole career for the same company. One of the most important reasons he wants to leave his current employer is the love of his polish wife, who wants to move back to Poland. This is exactly the country our company wishes to enter first. With that respect it will be very helpful that he is an excellent networker and familiar with the Polish culture. The languages aspect shows room for improvement. Mr. Michalski speaks French natively, decent Polish (with strong French accent) and some English. When he is prepared to invest in the improvement of Polish and English he will be an ideal candidate for our company to contribute to the goals set for Central Europe. Remuneration will probably not be a huge obstacle since his expectations, except a company car, are within our range. Candidate number 2: Boleslaw Piasecki Mr. Piasecki is 39 years old and already lives in our first target market Poland. He has a great knowledge of adequate languages. He speaks Polish native, Spanish fluently, good Italian and Russian and some English. His command of all these languages will ease the communication in Central Europe as well as with our company. The candidate has no real Sales experience but may compensate this with his present experience as Catering Services and Purchasing Manager of the Torum Hotel and Restaurant Group. Since he is in charge of buying all foods, wines and other supplies he is very familiar with our segments already. Apparently he has a great knowledge of European wines and the markets in Central Europe. The introduction process will therefore be a lot easier. On the other hand we have some concerns with regard to his life style and unusual background. Mr. Piasecki might be too well educated and shows some strange habits like disappearing for short periods. Moreover his salary expectations are beyond our remuneration range. Weighing all of Mr. Piasecki’s good and less good qualities we are certain that he will be a good second applicant. Candidate number 3: Sergei Nikitin Sergei Nikitin is 29 years old and the only person with a present Sales function. A Great advantage since Sales requires other qualifications than other functions like for e. . purchase. A further advantage is the candidate being familiar with retailing groups and pub chains, both very important distribution channels for our company. Mr. Nikitin is a hard working and creative man. With these character traits he fulfils most of our driving company values. The aspect loyalty is harder to measure. Mr. Nikitin is rather young and has had two employers after his graduat ion. One might conclude that he is more ambitious than loyal. His MBA background might be of help to set up a professional organization in Poland. On the other hand it might conflict with our experience that academics find it hard to adapt to our company. His remuneration expectations are excellent for our company. It is exactly the bottom limit we have set. His language skills are rather suitable for the job. We recommend improvement in Polish and preferably training in Spanish, although he speaks (American) English fluently. We have some doubts with regard to his intentions to move to Poland. In our opinion this is necessary to set up a company subsidiary in Poland. Mr. Nikitin lives in the Czech Republic and shows more interest in moving to the USA than to Poland. Moreover we recommend making fixed arrangements with regard to clothing and personal appearance since Mr. Nikitin seems to prefer rather long hair and casual clothing. Considering all of his qualities he is an interesting third candidate. Candidate number 4: Maria de la Garriga Maria de la Garriga is the only female candidate and is 32 years old. She has a strong and enthusiastic drive to move into Sales. Ms. De la Garriga has the Spanish nationality and lives in Poland; The perfect combination for this job, although she should invest time in improving her knowledge of the Polish language. She may compensate this however with her fluent Russian and good English. Ms. De la Garriga already gained some experience with selling wines to supermarkets, but this was just a side job during her college education. Her degree in Foreign Literature and Languages might be of help to understand the various cultures in Central Europe. On the other hand could her study and her university background be a hurdle to fit in the wine-technology centered culture of our company. Coordinating, organizing and communicating seem to be some of her outstanding characteristics. These qualities are an absolute basis condition to be successful in setting up and developing business in Central Europe. There are three aspects which concern us. First of all we need to know if her private life is well arranged. She is divorced and has two children. How does she deal e. g. with a business trip to Spain or other countries? Besides she does not yet have a real business or Sales experience. She gained a lot of competencies in other fields, but is she able to translate these to the business environment? Furthermore she apparently grew tired of the â€Å"macho† university culture in Spain. In our opinion the business environment can be similar. How does she deal with that situation then? As you see we deal with some unanswered questions. If these questions can be answered to utter satisfaction Ms. De la Garriga will be a fine fourth candidate. A question which is already answered is that her salary expectations are within our limits. We are confident that our ranking will be helpful in your final decision.

Cucumber Falls essays

Cucumber Falls essays On Monday October 28 2002, My Geology Science Class made a field trip to Cucumber Falls also known as Cucumber Run or Cucumber Ravine is a tributary of Youghiogheny River about 3/4 mile downriver from Ohiopyle Falls in Southwestern Pennsylvania, to learn first hand about the rocks and the stream in the area. I have learnt that this region of Pennsylvania has a lot of igneous metaphoric limestone rock and sandstone rock. The stream is perennial, meaning it flows all year round and a bedrock stream and has very little soil left, because it has been eroded and washed away. This stream got its shape from headward erosion, which is the lengthening of a river's course by erosion backwards from its source. There are three types of erosion at work on this stream which we have seen, Physical, Biological and Chemical erosion. Physical erosion occurs as the water flows down stream and over the falls, crashing into the rocks like a hammering action, slowly breaking and cracking the rocks. The softer rock erodes faster than the harder rock, as it is less resistant to erosion than the harder rocks, leaving a hard base to the streams floor and banks forming a narrow channel in rock increasing the flow and speed of the stream rapidly increasing the erosion. Due to the violent nature of the waterfalls, there is no vegetation, the reason for no vegetation in this area is because of the force of the falls and the force of the water falling, eroding away all the nutrients and soil, in which vegetation needs to lay down roots and grow. Biological erosion occurs from trees growing, sending their roots into the rocks, in search of nutrients to grow, as there is little soil left, causing the rocks to crack and eventually break, sometimes exposing more soft rock or coal. Chemical erosion occurs as streams water infiltrates into the rock and coal deposits, dissolving the soluble minerals and rusting the iron within the coal and washing them do ...

Research Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Research Method - Essay Example This has a posed a greater challenge especially with the fact that the new markets have different cultures. In order to penetrate these markets, some of which have barriers of entry which have been erected by the dominant firms, the companies are forced to use international media which are highly expensive. The costs are derailing the expansion strategy. However, with the entry of social media, more firms are opting to use these channels to reach the target market. This is because it’s cheap and more reliable. Nevertheless, questions have been raised concerning its effectiveness, especially putting into perspective that the users must have some ideas on how to use modern technology. Currently, the market has become very dynamic with new challenges arising each day. With the increasing levels of globalization resulting from liberalization of markets, efficient flow of information, and integration of economies, the level of competition in the local and international markets has increased tremendously. This is as a result of the entry of multinational companies that have a huge financial base to segment the market, attract the loyalty of the customers towards their products, and position their products strategically in the market. This aspect has made it very hard for the small and medium businesses to increase their customer base (Barefoot & Szabo 2010). Therefore, these businesses are using all means possible to minimize the costs of operations. One of the strategies they are using is reducing the costs of advertising which has been taking a huge chunk of the firms’ profits. However, in order to maintain their competitive advantage, the companies are forc ed to look for other alternatives. Social media has become a critical alternative which is cheap, effective, and reliable. With the changes in the technological sector, many people have internet enabled devices

Response Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Response Paper - Essay Example Boswell appreciates the fact that Addison is able to propagate his sentiments and preference to his reader’s minds without them perceiving the influence. Johnson â€Å"writes like a teacher† (11.9): Boswell recognizes the authority and firmness that is reflected in Johnson’s work. The readers of the two authors have completely different experiences; Johnson’s readers are captivated from the start, his firm and commanding eloquence inspire his readers and they admire him for that. On the other hand, for Addison’s first time readers, his work provokes a feeling of aggression from him but once the reader indulges more into his work they become captivated. , â€Å"like a liquor of more body, seems too strong at first† (11.16), Boswell does not clearly say if any of the two is a better other but he recognizes and appreciates how readers are satisfied with their work. â€Å"so much do they captivate the ear, and seize upon attention†

Computer network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Computer network - Essay Example Initially computer networks were used for military purposes, but today every a huge population of individuals as well as businesses use computer networks to communicate with each other. Computer networks have become quite wide spread and the sole reason due to which these network enjoy such popularity is that these networks allow individuals to communicate those pieces of information that once mankind could not even imagine to communicate. Even though, computer networks have become so popular, these networks have several disadvantages associated with it and this is the reason why these networks are even highly criticized. Computer networks are not a very old concept and they are not even a very new one. Computer networks that individuals experience in the era of 2015 came into existence during the period of 1940 when an individual named George Stibitz transferred information and data from a machine called Teletype machine to a calculator and then utilized the same method to send information from the calculator to the machine (Casey, 2011, p.608). This activity is the base of the computer networks that the society in the 21st century enjoys. During the period of 1950s the first and the foremost computer network was experienced in the shape of a radar system that was utilized by the armed forces and this radar system was recognized as SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) (Casey, 2011, p.608). By the period of 1960 the first ever computers were connected with each other (Casey, 2011, p.608). These computers were mainframes and these computers were used for the purpose of allowing users to reserve ai rline tickets in a semi-automatic manner. Approximately two years later researchers such as JCR Licklider became interested in connecting output based hardware with such as teletypewriters with a computer and for this purpose he developed a group called

Negative Effects of Cell Phones on Society

Negative Effects of Cell Phones on Society Abstract Cell phones have become an extremely common electronic gadget for many people who may prefer their use as opposed to the house phones which has since been overtaken in the industry. The growth in the utilization of the cell phones is based on their ability to become technologically advanced since most of them can take a send photos and videos and connect to the internet of web surfing. Undoubtedly, this is the main reason why so many students in the school will always have their heads down, their headphones on and their phones to their ears. Surprisingly, most children including the kindergarten kids have always since been cell phone owners if they can respond to the calls. There are endless showing things which can be done by these implements. Typically, the use of cell phones has helped many users to communicate over long distance through the communication network. Therefore, there are multiple benefits of the use of mobile phones both for school going children and in promoting eff icient business operations that will ensure the productivity and sustainability of many businesses. There is need to determine the unfavorable the effects of the use of cell phones in our society. Introduction The usage of mobile phones can result in a significant threat to the health of the users. Many concerns have been raised on the cell phone radiation that causes other severe health hazards in the human beings. Categorically, the use of mobile phones facilitates the emission of low levels of radiofrequency energy (RF) that has an adverse biological impact to the health of human beings. Besides, the low levels of the radiofrequency energy the mobile phones emit while in use are in the microwave frequency variety. Moreover, they also emit the radio frequency energy at a substantially minimized time intervals when in the mode of standby. Similarly, the high degree of RF can produce significant health problems or effects through heating of tissues, exposure to low level of radiofrequency energy that ca not produce the heat impacts which can cause the unknown adverse health effects. Moreover, a significant level of electromagnetic energy, for instance, those found in the X-rays and the gam ma rays can ionize the biological tissues. Also, a substantial amount of the radio-frequency energy can increase the body temperature and influence the damage of the tissues (Cell Phones Health Issues). Other notable short term and long term effects of cell phones on health include the impacts on emotions as the presence of mobile phones can influence the relationship of the human being as they may develop negative feelings towards people having their devices visible. The levels of stress can also be increased with the greater use of the cell phones. For instance, the frequenting ringing, vibrating alerts and the constant reminders can put the user on a frustrating edge. Besides, the use of mobile phones can cause depression, stress and sleep disturbances on the adults. Similarly, there is increased risk of illness in the immune system with the constant use of the cell phones. The risks of chronic pain can also be influenced using cell phones. Therefore, there is no doubt that the use of mobile phones can significantly contribute to the adverse health of the users. The use of cell phones can also have great disadvantages to the school going students in their academic journey. Specifically, cheating using mobile phones has become a tremendous challenge in various educational institutions. For instance, using internet search engines, students can use the cell phones to get answers to the provided test questions. The students are reportedly distracted from their studies and other important events by the utilization of the mobile phones. Evidently, the students put much focus on attention in texting or talking with their peers or friends (Solway, 2010). Nonetheless, the use of cell phones can also hamper the real human interaction as people are usually glued to their phones while ignoring the regular interactions with the people around them. There is a possibility of a big problem in the future considering the much concentration placed on the phones as opposed to the usual socializing which is integral in the human social developments. Moreover, the use of cell phones has become instruments for constant interruptions in the business and social environment. For instance, the ringing of a phone during strategic meeting sessions may interrupt the smooth and regular business of the meeting (Solway, 2010). It is a naked fact that the use of mobile phones carries the privacy risks and the security breaches to the users. For instance, there are high chances of the private messages, financial information, photographs, the online networking accounts and other applications being leaked to a third party when ones phone is stolen, or one has mistakenly left it on office desks or the public sofa. One of the most pressing disadvantages of the frequent use of the mobile phones is the increased chances of getting into traffic accidents. Typically, the distractions from using the cell phones not only prevent people from productive interaction with others but also cost lives of both the user and nonuser in case the accident has occurred. For instance, the drivers have always been notorious for ignoring the traffic rules through engaging in texting, and checking the social media platforms hence cause loss of control of their which leads to accidents. Besides, texting or using the mobile phones by pedestrians have also proved to be the leading cause of many accidents which have resulted in losing of lives (Want, 2006). Sexting, sending the sexual messages or photos to another person is an issue all parents should consider before buying a cell phone for their kids. Particularly, the kids are prone to receive sexually explicit messages or information through the use of mobile phones. Besides, through the internet, children are likely to check the sites which are banned for the childrens view. Therefore, cell phones can significantly influence the childs social and psychological developments (Want, 2006). Evidently, cell phones are always expensive considering the regular upgrades of various gadgets and devices from the specific companies. Many mobile users will always want to upgrade to new devices as long as new updates are available in the market. This is because people are usually fascinated with the various types of cell phones such as the BlackBerry Bold and the Second-Generation iPhone. Conclusion Although there are multiple benefits of using cell phones in the various social environments, there is also the greater disadvantage of the utilization of the devices. The adverse effects of the use of mobile phones effects may be felt on the peoples health, the childrens development and education, socialization and interactions of individuals in the society among other significant influence on the business and social environment. References Cell Phones Health Issues. (n.d.). Retrieved, from https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/HomeBusinessandEntertainment/CellPhones/ucm116282.htm Solway, A. (2010). Communication: The impact of science and technology. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub. Want, R. (2006). RFID explained: A primer on radio frequency identification technologies. San Rafael, Calif.: Morgan Claypool.

SLEEP APNEA Essay -- essays research papers

SLEEP APNEA What is Sleep Apnea? The Greek word "apnea" literally means "without breath." There are three types of sleep apnea: obstructive, central, and mixed; of the three, Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is the most common. Despite the difference in the root cause of each type, in all three, people with untreated sleep apnea stop breathing repeatedly during their sleep, sometimes hundreds of times during the night and often for a minute or longer. Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by a blockage of the airway, usually when the soft tissue in the rear of the throat collapses and closes during sleep. In central sleep apnea, the airway is not blocked but the brain fails to signal the muscles to breathe. Mixed sleep apnea is a combination of the two. With each apnea event, the brain briefly awakes sleep apnea victims from sleep in order for them to resume breathing, therefore sleep is extremely fragmented and of poor quality. Sleep apnea is very common and affects more than twelve million Americans. Risk factors include being male, overweight, and over the age of forty, but sleep apnea can strike anyone at any age, even children. Yet still because of the lack of awareness by the public and healthcare professionals, the vast majority remain undiagnosed and therefore untreated, despite the fact that this serious disorder can have significant consequences. Untreated, sleep apnea can cause high blood pressure and other cardiovascular diseases, memory problems, weight gain, impotency, and headaches. Moreover, untreated sleep apnea may be responsible for job impairment and motor vehicle crashes. Fortunately, sleep apnea can be diagnosed and treated. Several treatment options exist, and research into additional options continues. How is Sleep Apnea treated? There is currently no proven drug therapy for sleep apnea. However, there are 4 basic approaches to treatment, which are not mutually exclusive: 1. Modification of circumstances which may be causing sleep apnea or making it worse. This would include weight loss, avoidance of alcohol and sedative drugs, trying to sleep only on your side and stopping smoking. It would also help to improve nasal breathing if this problem exists; sometimes this can be done with some simple medication and occasionally it requires an operation. Finally it is important to avoid sleep deprivation. 2. Use Contin... ...y and which therapy in particular. The Evaluation Process An evaluation at the Sleep Disorders Center begins with an initial consultation with the director of the Center. In many instances, one visit is sufficient for a diagnosis to be made and a treatment plan formulated. For some patients, however, more extensive testing is required. If an all-night sleep study is required, it is performed at our laboratory in The Presbyterian Hospital /Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. The all-night sleep study is a safe and completely painless technique by which physiological functions in sleep are measured. Patients spend one or more nights in a private and comfortable laboratory during which a series of measurements are taken with sophisticated monitoring devices. Patients arrive at the laboratory in the evening and leave the following morning; it is usually not necessary to miss a day of work. In the course of your night at the sleep laboratory, over 1000 pages of data are collected, along with a complete video-tape record. This data is thoroughly reviewed by our expert staff and when necessary, by additional consultants. A detailed final report is usually ready within one week.

Critical Article Review Essay

The author of â€Å"Be Sure You’re Right, Then Go Ahead†: The Davy Crockett Gun Craze is by Sarah Nilsen. The purpose of the article is to give detail of how Davy Crockett became the emblem that was known for guns and coon skin hats. The author does not specifically identify the purpose of the article. The purpose is well stated in the detail given about how the legend became a legend and what part Walt Disney played in it. The war, families, television shows, toy makers, and any other company that could profit from Davy Crockett and The Wild Frontier played a major role in making Davy such a legend. A key point from the article are how the NRA’s involvement played a role in making gunplay acceptable. NRA’s reliance on the media to support its political agenda. Disney became more than a wholesome child’s entertainment industry. Disney joined with NRA’s vision on linking the historical past on the role of a gun. The joining of NRA and Disney was a radical change happening that would not only change the way a culture and the public think about childhood gunplay, but the opinion of the media, parents, what is right or wrong, etc. Being that it was Disney, they aligned child’s play and gunplay by connecting it to an American Frontier Hero. Another key point from the article was The National Rifle Association. The National Rifle Association of America Headquarters in Fairfax, Virginia, where the National Firearms Museum recreates past history. By showing gun history in America and highlighting how the gun helped to form the United States and became the icon for American identity helped to make gunplay more acceptable. Wall paper, furnishings, toys, games, clothes, were all used to promote gunplay. Steer horns, coonskin hats, rifles, and gun holsters were in adult bedrooms. The article said specifically, â€Å"the 1950’s represented a period in which the immense popularity of the television western was instrumental in making the gun into an essential part of American childhood.† The author listed resource after resource to prove the influence that Davy Crockett had in gunplay becoming a normal and natural thing. Some of the resources that he listed was Life Magazine, Davy Crockett: King of the Wild Frontier, Disneyland, ABC: Davy Crockett in Indian Fighter, Davy Crockett  Goes to Congress, Davy Crockett at the Alamo, The Ballad of Davy Crockett, Davy Crockett mambo, books, newspapers, comics, Davy Crockett says. In contradiction to anti-hunting and anti-gun films like Bambi, Disney was transformed by two main events. One being the strike at the studio in 1941, and the second being Disney’s enlistment of the entire studio for military use during World War II. Sarah Nilsen informs us that by 1943 Disney was producing most of the films for the Navy, Army and other Government agencies. She also says By 1945, Disney was proclaiming that â€Å"the generation that used the motion picture to help train its fighters and its workers into the mightiest nation in history, is not apt to ignore the motion picture as an essential tool in the labor of enlightenment, civilization and peace†. Sarah Nilsen reports from Bogart that a child of a police officer asked his father for real bullets because his sister didn’t die for real with the fake ones. That one statement to me was a real wake up to how we got to where we are today. My opinion of this article is that Sarah Nilsen hit it on the head that the Government as well as big names, that were probably influenced by the Government, had and still has a big impact on the way that history is recreated and told to the generation of today. The step that Disney made back in the 1950’s to start promoting gunplay may have very much so been the open door that the world needed to start wars not only in our own countries, but also in our own families and homes, just like the innocent small child that asked his father for real bullets. That Disney and other avenues led them to believe that they were supposed to not only pretend to shoot but that they could do it for real and no one would get hurt or that suppose that someone actually did get shot for real that it was alright for them to die for real. The image of they really never die had to be in their heads because what did they see on television. I liked the article by Sarah Nilsen about Davy Crockett and how he became such a legend and how popular not only an icon can become but the idea that the icon represents as well.

Braveheart Movie Report

Braveheart is a film directed by Mel Gibson which loosely portrays the life of William Wallace, a national hero in Scotland. In real life, Sir William Wallace was a Scottish knight who led the resistance against the English occupation of Scotland during significant periods of the Wars of Scottish Independence.While there are no accurate historical records that exist concerning the birth date and place of birth of Sir William Wallace, there are accounts of his exploits, one of the most memorable of these accounts is the mark of the beginning of this resistance movement for the independence of Scotland which was his killing of the son of the English governor of Dundee.The heroism of Sir William Wallace was such that it was the inspiration of historical novel The Acts and Deeds of Sir William Wallace, Knight of Elderslie written by the 15th century minstrel Blind Harry which was also attributed as the cause for the legend which surrounds Sir William Wallace. The onscreen portrayal of Si r William Wallace by Mel Gibson in the film Braveheart, according to critics, â€Å"has been somehow stretched to the limits that the silver screen can provide.† (Roger Ebert 1995) The famous cry for â€Å"freedom† in the movie is not as historically accurate as it is portrayed because the concept of personal freedom wasn’t widely celebrated during the era of Sir William Wallace. Another inconsistency of the movie with regard to the portrayal of Sir William Wallace lies in the battlefield strategy employed; there are no historical accounts of the 14th century Scotsmen burning the battlefield.Most of the characters in the movie, Sir William Wallace included, have been â€Å"glorified† to be able to properly manipulate the sentiment of onscreen audiences. Much of the portrayals tend to show only the glorious and benevolent sides and don’t reflect an accurate recount of the historical truths concerning the charact

Biomarkers Definition Working Group

Biomarkers Definition Working Group With diminishing success in drug development, manufacturers have been exploring new ways of making drug manufacturing process successful. Biomarkers play a crucial role in drug development (Bleavins, Carini, Jurima, Rahbari, 2011). Pharmaceutical companies consider using biomarkers to increase the efficiency of new drugs. This paper explores biomarkers, their use, classifications and importance in drug development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Biomarkers Definition Working Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Biomarker has various definitions from different groups. According to Biomarkers Definition Working Group, a it is defined as an indicator in pathogenic or biological processes, which can be measured and evaluated objectively in a given intervention in therapy (Bleavins et al., 2011). Clinical end point defines it as an indicator reflecting the feelings and functioning of a patient as well as his survival. Finally, surrogate endpoint defines biomarker, as an instrument whose intention is to substitute clinical end point (Bleavins et al., 2011). There are three types of biomarkers: type 0, I and II. Type 0 is an indicator in diseases and correlates with given symptoms. It is concerned with risks of a given exposure. Type I shows the effects or response of a given intervention or therapy in an organism during drug development. Type II biomarkers are surrogate indicators. This means that, change in a biomarker indicates clinical end (Bleavins et al., 2011). Biomarkers are used to measure the well-being of a person; both physical and mental. They are used to determine the state of an individual’s health (Zwierzina, 2008). In addition, they are used to measure the risks and influence of a given exposure, which can be as a result of environmental or hereditary factors. If a disease is caused by exposure to toxins, researchers may choose to measure the level of toxin concentration in an individuals environment. Researchers can also measure the alleged toxin in food, water, air or soil directly. As a result, they are able to ascertain the risks and susceptibility associated with a given exposure (Zwierzina, 2008). Biomarkers are used to ascertain the severity of diseases. They can determine whether a disease is severe or not. Biomarkers are used to predict results. They are used in drug development; hence they can predict the efficacy of a new drug.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, they are used in determining the most efficient type of nutrition, intervention and treatment in a patient. Imaging a biomarker assists researchers to develop efficient drugs for a given disease; through evaluation of an individual and the response to the drug (Javitt Spencer, Thaker, Winterer, Hajà ³s, 2008). Post-therapy evaluation determines the efficie ncy of nutrition and intervention in an individuals body. Biomarkers are used to evaluate a persons response to therapy. Through biomarker imaging, the concentration of drugs in tissues can be measured (Javitt et al., 2008). In addition, receptor occupancy and characterization of receptors can be done to evaluate an individuals response towards an intervention. Biomarkers are used to monitor compliance of a drug. They are supposed to meet the intended purpose and adhere to given regulations. To determine the compliance of a drug, indicators are set in order to measure the biological activity of a drug before and after treatment. Biomarkers are used for forensic purposes (Wagner, 2008). They are applied in various fields of science and technology to establish facts about civil law. Generally, they are used for diverse purposes in clinical development. Different types of biomarkers are used for different purposes; hence they are unique and each has a specific purpose. For example, if a biomarker is intended to measure the effect of a drug or therapy, the response should show some correlations to the symptoms of disease (Wagner, 2008). Biomarkers are used according to their classifications; pharmacological, toxicological and pathological biomarkers. Indicators used for pathological processes are specific and can not be used for toxicological or pharmacological processes. In clinical care, biomarkers are classified according to their purpose (Javitt et al., 2008). Preventive biomarker identifies an individual’s risk to suffer from a certain disease. Diagnostic indicators are used to identify disease at early stages before the symptoms are noticed. Moreover, prognostic biomarkers show the possibility of disease progression in a patient as he continues with therapy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Biomarkers Definition Working Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Also, there are predictive variables which identify the response of patient to a given therapy (Zwierzina, 2008). Lastly, therapeutic indicators give the total number of responses from patients undergoing a treatment. This means that each indicator is unique and has a set purpose. Biomarkers are identified according to their function. For example, if a researcher suspects that a disease is caused by being exposed to a certain toxin, then biomarkers (organisms) are exposed to these toxins and extend of effects is established. In oncology, the indicators for cancer are tumors and a researcher scans their sizes to determine the magnitude of an infection (Bleavins et al., 2011). Neurologists measure the occurrence of multiple sclerosis in order to evaluate Alzheimer disease. X-ray is done to establish the impacts of muscuskeletal diseases like arthritis and fractures among others. If the purpose of a biomarker is to measure the response of a given intervention, then an organism is subjected to a certain medicine. Different diseases have different biomarkers, for example, tumors are biomarkers for cancer (Bleavins et al., 2011). A surrogate endpoint can be defined as an indicator which alternates a clinical endpoint. It is also known as reserve biomarker. Clinical endpoint is an indicator showing the general operation of a patient. For example, blood pressure may not affect every patient, however in clinical development, it is considered as a risk factor for diseases like stroke and heart attack (Javitt et al., 2008). Pharmacodynamic markers are indicators used in monitoring biological impacts of a drug. They are used in decision- making during the early stages of drug development. They are used to establish doses and dosing in pre-clinical and clinical development of a drug. Pharmacodynamic marker is a reflection of pharmacologic responses (Wagner, 2008). Surrogate end point and Pharmacodynamic are useful in drug development. Surrogate end point is not an independent marker on itself. It ca n be extrinsic or intrinsic. It is a substitute. Moreover, they can be used in prediction of expected clinical results in drug development process (Wagner, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main disadvantage of surrogate end points is: they need long follow ups and they are not independent. Pharmacodynamic are induced by non-drug events and have many limitations (Bleavins et al., 2011). One of the reasons these two biomarkers are not important in studies is surrogates are not a pathway for disease process in clinical developments. In addition, they are not sensitive to a given intervention. This means that they might give false impression about an intervention. Surrogates are important when a given process is well- known and the results expected are certain (Bleavins et al., 2011). Validation of surrogates is somehow difficult. They are important in some clinical developments but not all. Due to these reasons, surrogate and Pharmacodynamic biomarkers are not emphasized in studies. References Bleavins, M. R., Carini, C., Jurima-Romet, M., Rahbari, R. (Eds.). (2011). Biomarkers  in drug development: a handbook of practice, application, and strategy. Wiley. Javitt, D. C., Spencer, K. M., Thaker, G. K., Winterer, G., Hajà ³s, M. (2008). Neurophysiological biomarkers for drug development in schizophrenia. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 7(1), 68-83. Wagner, J. A. (2008). Strategic approach to fit-for-purpose biomarkers in drug development. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 48, 631-651. Zwierzina, H. (2008). Biomarkers in drug development. Annals of oncology, 19(suppl 5), v33-v37.

National Rifle Association NonProfit Organization Research Paper Essay

National Rifle Association NonProfit Organization Research Paper - Essay Example Hence, the need to be responsible with regards this matter is an important issue to consider for everyone. For this particular reason, the NRA stands strong as an organization that believes of responsible gun handling from then until now. NRA primarily started out as an organization that is based on the views of two retired army who simply wanted to make the entire human society more knowledgeable about the wise handling of firearms. Col. William C. Church and Gen. George Wingate started NRA in 1871 to be able to promote a sense of scientific process among all individuals whenever they handle firearms. As the US charter in the State of New York approved the existence of the said organization, the First President of the organization in the personification of former US Senator Gen. Ambrose Burnside took responsibility of the position. The first president tried his best to establish the organization's reputation in the society that they are most involved with. It could be observed that with the aim of making the society more responsible in the manner of handling guns for self-protection reasons. It is indeed from the primary aims of the founders of the organization that NRA actually started out to affect the entire human society. Hence, through the financial support provided by the Long Island and Creed Farm, the organization was able to establish a practice range round that would host to train numerous individuals who have their own guns for the purpose of self defense. The Credmor, NRA's first training grounds had then been established during the year 1872. It was the first venue for the first ever annual shooting matches that happened during those years. IT was the year 1906 when the organization began trying to influence the larger population in the human society and that is the youth. NRA began to campaign for having university-based programs that would allow young individuals to learn the right usage of guns. Through the promotion of shooting sports in America, NRA begins to affect a larger population in the American society. With the pursuance of NRA Secretary Albert Jones, the said program flourished to affect the entire American population during those years. Moreover, the growth of recognition that the society has upon these programs affected many among the populations staying within the area. As of today, the same program still makes a great effect on the process by which American Boy Scouts, American Legron and US Jaycees are being trained at present. Up to this day, the organization aims to educate everyone in the society about the need to be responsible and knowledgeable about the right usage of guns and other firearms as well. In an aim to educate everyone, the launching of the NRA Police Firearms Instructor Certification Program in 1960, the association holds a record of having 50,000 certified instructors who handle different courses of responsible gun handling. From this particular program, 750,000 gun owners are given certification every year and are then given the rightful knowledge that they need to acquire with regards the need to handle their firearms in a manner of responsibility and alertness to what is right and what is wrong in terns of using their gin authority or chance to hold a firearm for any reason there is

Compare and critically analyze the UK marketing strategies of Domino's Essay

Compare and critically analyze the UK marketing strategies of Domino's Pizza and Pizza Hut - Essay Example This paper will compare and critically analyse their business objectives will be made, followed by further comparisons and analyses of their marketing mix, marketing segmentation, and positioning in the UK market. The main priority for Domino’s Pizza is to provide timely and customer friendly service, which is reflected in its marketing objectives. For example, Domino’s considered the time when customers place and receive pizza orders as a great opportunity to connect with their customers. To do this, Domino’s offers their customer’s real time updates on order confirmation and delivery time to improve their delivery service. On the other hand, Pizza Hut’s main marketing objective is to engage with its customers by identifying their characteristics in order to provide them with relevant and timely offers. Moreover, Pizza Hut wishes to grow and retain its present customer base through the use of various promotion campaigns. Both Pizza Hut and Domino’s Pizza also seek to build their brand names to become household names in the UK, while also building customer loyalty through the provision of excellent and quality foods and quick service (Yohn, 2014). The basic product offered by Pizza Hut is dining experience, although they also provide food (Yohn, 2014: p1). The main product offering for Domino’s Pizza is their food, while their excellent delivery services that promise pizza in 30 minutes flat also counts as part of the product offering. As a result, customers whose basic need is food may visit Domino’s for a pizza or order for pizza from the comfort of their residence expecting good taste and hot pizza. The main difference between Pizza Hut and Domino’s is that Pizza Hut is mainly concerned with the dining experience because they run a restaurant operation, unlike Domino’s that mainly offers a home delivery service (Yohn, 2014). With